NOTE: For full details about in-text citations refer to chapter 8 of the APA 7th edition.
For single or two authors, always cite all authors
(Zepke, 2017, p. 55)
(Fredricks & McCloskey, 2012, p. 779)
For three or more authors, use the first name followed by et al. for all citations
(Carpenter et al., 2015, p. 290)
For single or two authors, always cite all authors
Zepke (2017, p. 55)
Fredricks and McCloskey (2012, p. 764)
For three or more authors, use the first name followed by et al. for all citations
Carpenter et al. (2015, p. 290)
(Original author, year, as cited in Current Author, year, p. x) OR
Original author (year, as cited in Current Author, year, p. x)
(Bushe, 2013, as cited in Zepke, 2017, p. 39) OR
Bushe (2013, as cited in Zepke, 2017, p. 39)
List in alphabetical order
(Adam et al., 2018; Carpenter et al., 2015; Zepke, 2017)
If you want to give emphasis to some authors over other authors, separate the sources so that the emphasised source/s appear first and the remainder follow the words ‘see also’.
(Giddens, 1991; see also Archer, 2003, 2007)
(Archer, 2003, 2007, 2012)
For multiple works by the same author published in the same year, use letters in the in-text citations and in the reference list entries to indicate the different sources eg
Hammond, 2020a
Hammond, 2020b
Hammond, 2020c
see the example provided under the tab ‘No author’ in the Books section of this guide
(Name v. Name, year) OR Name v. Name (year)
Note: The title or names are italicised in the in-text citation, but not in the reference list
Media Type |
Include as Author |
| Film | Director |
| TV Series | Executive producer(s) |
| TV Series episode | Writer and director of episode |
| Podcast | Host or executive producer |
| Podcast episode | Host of episode |
| Webinar | Instructor |
| Classical music album or song | Composer |
| Modern music album or song | Recording artist |
| Artwork | Artist |
| Online streaming video | Person or group who uploaded the video |
| Photograph | Photographer |