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NOTE: For full details about in-text citations refer to chapter 8 of the APA 7th edition.
The information required for an in-text citation to support a quotation is the author, the year of publication and the page number/s from which the quotation has been taken.This information can be presented in the parenthetical or narrative format (see below).
The information required for an in-text citation to support a paraphrase is the author and the year of publication. Page numbers are not required, but can be included to assist the reader to locate the information in a long or complex work, such as a book. The information can be presented in the parenthetical or narrative format (see below).
For single or two authors, always cite all authors
(Zepke, 2017, p. 55)
(Fredricks & McCloskey, 2012, p. 779)
For three or more authors, use the first name followed by et al. for all citations
(Carpenter et al., 2015, p. 290)
For single or two authors, always cite all authors
Zepke (2017, p. 55)
Fredricks and McCloskey (2012, p. 764)
For three or more authors, use the first name followed by et al. for all citations
Carpenter et al. (2015, p. 290)
For single or two authors, always cite all authors, for example:
Zepke (2017, p. 55)
(Marland & Dearlove, 2015)
For three or more authors, use the first name followed by et al. for all citations
Carpenter et al. (2015, p. 290)
(Carpenter et al., 2015, p. 290)
(Original author, year, as cited in Current Author, year, p. x) OR
Original author (year, as cited in Current Author, year, p. x)
(Bushe, 2013, as cited in Zepke, 2017, p. 39) OR
Bushe (2013, as cited in Zepke, 2017, p. 39)
List in alphabetical order
(Adam et al., 2018; Carpenter et al., 2015; Zepke, 2017)
If you want to give emphasis to some authors over other authors, separate the sources so that the emphasised source/s appear first and the remainder follow the words ‘see also’.
(Giddens, 1991; see also Archer, 2003, 2007)
(Archer, 2003, 2007, 2012)
For multiple works by the same author published in the same year, use letters in the in-text citations and in the reference list entries to indicate the different sources eg
Hammond, 2020a
Hammond, 2020b
Hammond, 2020c
Authors are sometimes not identified or they are identified as 'Anonymous'.
When the author is identified as 'Anonymous', Anonymous takes the place of the author's name in the in-text citation and in the reference list for example:
(Anonymous, 2020)
When the author is not identified at all, include the title and the year of publication in the in-text citation. If the title is long, shorten it for the in-text citation. If the title is italicised in the reference list, italicise it in the in-text citation, for example:
(Interpersonal Skills, 2020)
If the title is not italicised in the reference list, use quotation marks in the in-text citation, for example:
("Interpersonal Skills," 2020)
Government bodies (such as the Australian Bureau of Statistics or the Department of Education and Training) are often the official "author" of the works they publish. Companies and organisations are usually the authors of their own web pages.
Provide the company's name in full for the first mention and provide an acronym immediately following this in parentheses or square brackets (see examples below for usage). All subsequent mentions can use the acronym.
For example, the first mention:
The American Psychological Association (APA) (2012) noted that...
The consumer price index is collated by using around a million pricing structures (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2018).
For example, subsequent mentions:
As noted by the APA (2012)...
New weights were used to maximise transaction data (ABS, 2018).
NOTE: the reference list entry requires the organisation's or company's name in full, unless the acronym is generally known as the organisation of company's title eg CSIRO. The safest option is to provide the name in full.
(Name v. Name, year) OR Name v. Name (year)
Note: The title or names are italicised in the in-text citation, but not in the reference list
Media Type |
Include as Author |
Film | Director |
TV Series | Executive producer(s) |
TV Series episode | Writer and director of episode |
Podcast | Host or executive producer |
Podcast episode | Host of episode |
Webinar | Instructor |
Classical music album or song | Composer |
Modern music album or song | Recording artist |
Artwork | Artist |
Online streaming video | Person or group who uploaded the video |
Photograph | Photographer |