Referencing

Course material

In-text reference

Direct quote

"Socialisation into roles is a major impetus behind inequality" (Wallace 2010).

Paraphrasing

It was pointed out in the week 2 lecture that kinship... (Lee 2010)

Reference list

Wallace, P 2010, ‘Gender & sexuality’ PowerPoint slides, SOC1SAC, La Trobe University, viewed 19 January 2011.

Lee, H 2010, ‘Charting Kinship’, lecture, ANT2KAM, La Trobe University, delivered 5 August.

Notes

• State the type of course material after the title of the lecture.
• You can use the subject code or the subject name.
• Course material is unpublished so the title is enclosed in single quotes not italics.

Figure, graph or table

In-text reference

The graph Divorces granted: Australia 1988 – 2007 (ABS 2008) illustrates...    

Reference list

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2008, Divorces Australia 2007, cat. no. 3307.0.55.001, ABS, Canberra.

Notes

• Any reproduced table, figure or graph must reference the original author and copyright holder.
• In the reference list, reference the source where the graph or table is located.

Film, video or television (film and video)

In-text reference

.......as portrayed in About Jenny Holzer (2011)

The scene, towards the end of the film, depicts... (Alien Underworld 2002)

Woody Allen in Annie Hall (1977) demonstrates the art of...

Reference list

About Jenny Holzer 2011, DVD, Microcinema International, San Francisco, California.

Alien Underworld 2002, video recording, Tattooed Media and the Australian Film Finance Corporation, Australia, written & directed by Sonya Pemberton.

Annie Hall 1977, motion picture, MGM Home Entertainment, Santa Monica CA, directed by Woody Allen.

Notes

• The in-text references to films DVDs, videos, television, and radio programs should contain the title (in italics) and date of production.
• The key elements of a film or audiovisual reference are:
  • Title (in italics)
  • Year of publication or release
  • Format (use motion picture for films; use video recording, CD-ROM, DVD, audio cassette, slide, or microform etc. for other audiovisual material)
  • Distributor (for films) or publisher
  • Place of recording or publication (for audiovisual material)
• Although you are likely to view most feature films (i.e. movies) as DVDs, you should still reference feature films with the format ‘motion picture’ rather than ‘DVD’.
• Any special credits and other information that may be useful can be noted after the citation e.g. Revolutionary road 2009, DVD, Paramount Home Entertainment Australia, Abbotsford Vic., starring Leonardo Di Caprio and Kate Winslet.

Film, video or television (television)

In-text reference

A recent Four Corners episode highlighted the difficulties of caring for disabled family members (Breaking Point 2010).

When interviewed on 7.30 Report (2015) the Treasurer said…

It could be argued that the financial situation at the time necessitated.... (What are we going to do with the money? 1997)

Reference list

Breaking Point, Four Corners 2010, television program, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Australia, February 15.

7.30 Report 2015, television program, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Australia, 18 November.

What are we going to do with the money? 1997, television program, Special Broadcasting Service, Australia, 8 August

Notes

• Place the Title in italics, and date of recording in the in-text citation.
• If the program is part of a series put the episode title first followed by the series title both in italics.
• Add the broadcast date after the publication details.

Images and artwork (print)

In-text reference

(Gaunt 1970, p. 17)

Reference list

Gaunt, W. 1970, The impressionists, Thames & Hudson, London.

Notes

• If you are citing an image from a printed source, reference the printed source as normal and use a page number in your in-text citation to indicate which page the image comes from.

Images and artwork (online)

In-text reference

In the image above (Jorgensen 2010) you can see...

Kamuro (2008) illustrates ...

(Sculpture by the sea – Elephant 2009)

(Van Gogh 1890)

Reference list

Jorgensen, L 2010, Lighthouse Freezes, image, ABC News, viewed 17 December 2010, <http://www.abc.net.au/news/photos/2010/12/17/3095885.htm>.

Kamuro (2008) Calmness, image, Flickr viewed 30 June 2010, <http://www.flickr.com/photos/kamuro/2624443012/in/poolysplix>.

Sculpture by the sea – Elephant 2009, image, photographed by A. Wain, Flickr, viewed 4 February 2014, <http://www.flickr.com/photos/alex wain/4091011517/>.

Notes

• When reproducing/including an image in your work, place the in-text reference immediately under the image.
• For the format description: use ‘Image’ for photographs or graphics.
• Where the image is a photograph of an artwork, and the photographer has been specifically credited, note this after the title.
• Where the photographer or artist is not known, start your reference with the Title of Image.
• Where none of the usual details are known, i.e. artist/photographer, date, title of image, start with [Subject of the image].

Leaflet or pamphlet

In-text reference

Direct quote

"..." (New State for North Queensland Movement n.d.)

Paraphrasing

In the leaflet distributed by the New State for North Queensland Movement (n.d.) it is evident that...

Reference list

New State for North Queensland Movement n.d., A New State for North Queensland : why ? how ? when?, pamphlet, New State for North Queensland Movement, Townsville.

Notes

• Use the authorising body/publisher as the author OR use the title of the pamphlet/leaflet if there is no author.
• Use the title of the pamphlet in-text if there is no author.
• Use n.d. for no date.
• Use c. if you can approximately date the document e.g. c. 1985.
• Use the word “pamphlet” after the title.

Maps (print)

In-text reference

Atlas (with editor):

.....the position of the new city is to be north of Melbourne (ed. Eales 2003, Map 36).

Atlas (without editor):

...the position of the new city is to be north of Melbourne (The Jacaranda Atlas 2003, Map 36).

Reference list

Atlas (with editor):

Eales, S (ed.) 2003, The Jacaranda atlas, 3rd edn, John Wiley & Sons, Brisbane.

Atlas (without editor):

The Jacaranda atlas 2003, 3rd edn, John Wiley & Sons, Brisbane.

Maps (printed map)

In-text reference

Motorways are indicated (Ordnance Survey 2006)…

Reference list

Ordnance Survey 2006, Chester and North Wales, Landranger series, Sheet 106, 1:50000, Ordnance Survey, Southampton.

Maps (online)

In-text reference

(Google Earth 2008)

Reference list

Google Earth 6.0 2008, Hylands House and estates 51°42’39.17"N, 0°26’11.30"W, elevation 60M, 3D Buildings data layer, viewed 31 August 2011 <http://www.google.com/earth/index.html>

Media release

In-text reference

Direct quote

In a statement released to the media, "Labor’s laws were driving small businesses to the wall," Mr Baillieu said (2010).

Paraphrasing

Clearway changes were outlined in a release to the media (Baillieu 2010).

Reference list

Bailieu, T (Premier, Minister for the Arts) 2010, Coalition delivers for small business with clearways changes, media release, 9 December, Premier of Victoria, viewed 15 December 2010, <http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/html/091210_001.html>.

To reference a print media release:

Watersmith, C. 2000, BHP enters new era, media release, 1 March, BHP limited, Melbourne.

Notes

• The description, ‘media release’, is inserted after the title of the media release.

Personal communication

In-text reference

This was confirmed by email (Brown 2012, pers. comm., 3 July).

or

Professor Shickle  (2008 pers. comm., 8 July) verified in an interview that...

Reference list

Personal communications can take a number of forms and are not normally available for consultation except under special circumstances. For this reason they are not usually included in the reference list.

If a full citation is required, reference in the following way:

Brown, B 2012, email, 3 July.

Shickle, S 2008, interview, 24 November.

Notes

• Personal communications includes letters, emails, interviews etc.
• Email addresses should never be cited without the permission of the owner of the address.
• Put all the details of the email letter etc. in-text: Author (communicator) Year, format description, day month

Plays or poetry

In-text reference

References to plays and poetry are often more precise if given in terms of acts, scenes, lines, verses, and so on.

The character Nora eats macaroons (Ibsen 1995, act 1, scene 1).

Reference list

Ibsen, H 1995, A doll's house, trans. K McLeish, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 

Primary sources and archives

Notes

• You need to be consistent with any specific requirements outlined by your Faculty; for example the UOW School of History Style Guide
• Whenever you cite archival material you should provide two essential pieces of information:
  • a description of the item AND
  • details of where it is located.

The latter is required because archival material in most cases consists of unique, unpublished records which are available in only one place (unlike books or other published material held at more than one library).

• A typical archival citation should include the following details:
  • place identifier - where the records are held
  • agency name - the name of the person or organisation that created the records
  • record (ie. collection) series number, with record title and date range
• If you are referring to a specific item or range of items within that record series you should also include the:
  • individual item number, with item title description and date (if known)

Example of an Expanded archival citation

In a bibliography you should provide the full citation details for each archival record/collection you refer to in your essay etc. For example:

Wollongong University Archives: Francis McCaffrey; D92, Francis McCaffrey Collection, 1865-1932; D92/5, Notebooks.

Example of an Abbreviated archival citation

If you refer to the same citation more than once in your essay etc. you may abbreviate the citation the second time rather than write it again in full.

The abbreviation for the University of Wollongong Archives is NWUA (the N denotes 'New South Wales'), so the abbreviation for the above citation would be:

NWUA: McCaffrey; D92/5, Notebooks.

Other examples

See the examples given in the following guides:

• National Archives of Australia guide to Citing archival records
• State Records NSW guide to Citing State archives
• Noel Butlin Archives Centre guide to Citation of archives

Statistics

In-text reference

(Australian Bureau of Statistics 2009)

For subsequent use, you can abbreviate (ABS 2009)

Net sales in Australia for the year ending 2009 were $4,404,000.00 (Coca-Cola Amatil Ltd: Company Factfile 2010)

Reference list

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2009, Education and work, Australia, May 2009, cat. no. 6227.0, ABS, Canberra, viewed 24 November 2009, <http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/6227.0?OpenDocument>.

Coca-Cola Amatil Ltd: Company Factfile 2010, Euromonitor Global Market Information Database, viewed 20 March 2010, <http://0-www.portal.euromonitor.com.alpha2.latrobe.edu.au/Portal/ResultsList.aspx>.

Notes

• If using statistics from a database, the title of the database is in italics.

Theses

In-text reference

Direct quote

A model predictive control strategy was developed to optimise the selection of the optimal sequence of operating modes (Fiorentini 2016, p. 218)

Paraphrasing

Fiorentini (2016, p. 218) developed a model predictive control strategy…

Reference list

Fiorentini, M 2016, ‘Hybrid model predictive control of residential heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems with on-site energy generation and storage ‘, PhD thesis, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong.

Notes

• Technically a thesis is not a published work, so the title is not placed in italics.
• Under Award you might also put Masters thesis or Honours thesis.
• Only put the location if it is not obvious from the name of the institution eg La Trobe University, Bundoora. University of Wollongong would be enough on its own.