- Authors are sometimes not identified, or they are given as 'Anonymous'.
- When the author is given as 'Anonymous', Anonymous takes the place of the author's name in the in-text citation and in the reference list.
- When the author is not given at all, include the title and the year of publication in the in-text citation. If the title is long, shorten it for the in-text citation. If the title is italicised in the reference list, italicise it in the in-text citation.
- DOIs can be identified using crossref.org. Not all books have a DOI.
Paraphrase
Template:
(Anonymous, Year)
OR
Anonymous (Year)
For example:
Instructions were provided to early American settlers (Anonymous, 2017).
Temperature has a major effect on insect control (The Life of Insects, 1979).
Direct quote (page number/s must be included)
Template:
(Anonymous, Year, p./pp. Page number/s)
OR
Anonymous (Year, p./pp. Page number/s)
For example:
Anonymous (2017) reports “When it shall please God to send you on the coast of Virginia, you shall do your best endeavour to find out a safe port in the entrance of some navigable river” (para. 2).
The Life of Insects (1979) finds "ant behaviour patterns assist with changes" (p. 23).
