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Paraphrase

Template

(Author’s last name Year of publication)

Examples

Metcalf (2005) propounded the idea that the rate of human development as a society is affected by a multitude of factors.

The rate of human development as a society is affected by a multitude of factors (Metcalf 2005).

• When paraphrasing, you don’t need to include page numbers in an in-text citation unless you have been told to cite them.

Direct quote

When fewer than 30 words are quoted

Template

(Author’s last name Year of publication, p. Page number)

Examples

Metcalf (2005, p. 184) argues that "the Nuer of southern Sudan lacked any institutions of governance; no chiefs or councils of elders, no armies or law enforcement.”

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• Include the quote within the paragraph and include the specific page number/s to indicate where the words appear in the source.
• Use double quotation marks to show the exact words of the original source.

When 30 or more words are quoted

Examples

Much has been written about acute care. Finkelman (2006, p. 184), for example, points out that:

There are many changes in acute care services occurring almost daily, and due to the increasing use of outpatient surgery, surgical services have experienced major changes. Hospitals are increasing the size of their outpatient or ambulatory surgery departments and adjusting to the need of moving patients into and out of the surgical service in 1 day or even a few hours. Recently, this trend has been seen in some Australian hospitals and research.

• Begin quoting the exact words from the source on a new line.
• Indent the quoted text 5 spaces (use the Indent tool to keep all lines of the quote evenly indented).
• Do not put the quote inside quotation marks.
• Include specific page number/s indicating where the words appear in the source.
• Use p. for a single page, e.g. (Metcalf 2005, p. 45) or pp. for a page range, e.g. (Metcalf 2005, pp. 34-36)

Template

Author’s last name, Author’s initial/s Year of publication, Book title, Publisher, Location of publication.

OR

Author’s last name, Author’s initial/s Year of publication, Book title, Edition number edn, Publisher, Location of publication.

• Author’s initials include the first letter of the author’s first name, and, if provided, the first letter of their middle name (e.g., Michael Smith = Smith, M or Michael John Smith = Smith, MJ).
• Book title must be italicised
• If you see that a book is a second or later edition, Edition number should be written using an ordinal number followed by edn, e.g. 3rd edn, as shown in the second template above.
• If a book is not a second or later edition, you do not need to put the Edition number information in the reference, as shown in the first template above.

Examples

Metcalf, P 2005, Anthropology: the basics, Routledge, Abingdon.

Hawking, S 1996, A brief history of time, 2nd edn, Bantam Dell Publishing, United Kingdom.

Finkelman, AW 2006, Leadership and management in nursing, Pearson Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Kiple, KF 2007, A movable feast: ten millenia of food globalization, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.